Blood Alcohol Level BAL Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Blood Alcohol Level ( BAL ) Essay, Research Paper Blood Alcohol Level ( BAL ) Monitoring The sum of intoxicant in your blood watercourse is referred to as Blood Alcohol Level ( BAL ) . It is recorded in mgs of intoxicant per 100 millilitres of blood, or milligrams per centum. For illustration, a BAL of.10 means that 1/10 of 1 per centum ( or 1/1000 ) of your entire blood content is alcohol. When you drink intoxicant it goes straight from the tummy into the blood watercourse. This is why you typically feel the effects of intoxicant rather rapidly, particularly if you haven # 8217 ; t eaten for a piece. BAL depends on: 1. Sum of blood ( which will addition with weight ) and 2. The sum of intoxicant you consume over clip ( the faster you drink, the higher your BAL, as the liver can merely manage about a imbibe per hr # 8211 ; the remainder builds up in your blood watercourse ) . Understanding the effects of a lifting BAL can be really utile in commanding imbibing. Below are the effects of assorted Blood Alcohol Degrees, from a book by William R. Miller and Ricardo F. Munoz called, # 8220 ; How to Control your Drinkling: A Practical Guide to Responsible Drinking ( 1982 ) : .02 MELLOW FEELING. SLIGHT BODY WARMTH. LESS INHIBITED. .05 NOTICEABLE RELAXATION. LESS ALERT. LESS SELF-FOCUSED. Coordination IMPAIRMENT BEGINS. .08 DRUNK DRIVING LIMIT. DEFINITE IMPAIRMENT IN COORDINATION AND JUDGMENT. .10 NOISY. POSSIBLE EMBARRASSING BEHAVIOR. MOOD SWINGS. REDUCTION IN REACTION TIME. .15 IMPAIRED BALANCE AND MOVEMENT. CLEARLY DRUNK. .30 MANY PASS OUT. .40 MOST PASS OUT ; SOME DIE. .50 BREATHING STOPS. MANY DIE. As can be seen, the most faithfully enjoyable effects of intoxicant occur when BAL rises to about.03-.05. Alcohol research workers have discovered that low degrees o degree Fahrenheit intoxicant have a specific consequence on thought ; intoxicant consequences in a decrease of # 8220 ; self-monitoring. # 8221 ; ( Hull A ; Reilly, 1986 ) . What this means is that little measures of intoxicant enable you to take your head off yourself and your concerns. Not surprisingly, this consequence reduces tenseness and enhances relaxation in many people. Some people find this consequence so honoring that they continue to drink. Unfortunately, these loosen uping effects diminish as BAL rises above.05. Alternatively emerge a host of negative effects, such as less emotional control, coordination and judgement damage, katzenjammers and objectionable behaviour. One manner of commanding intoxicant is to larn to estimate BAL by internal esthesiss and to go to to the reenforcing marks of a low BAL. Doing so will enable you to be more in control of how much you drink and, by concentrating your attending on the initial enjoyable effects, be able to bask intoxicant with less negative effects. Blood Alcohol Level Charts are available in a figure of resources. For illustration, # 8220 ; How to Control your Drinking: A Practical Guide to Responsible Drinking # 8221 ; ( Miller A ; Munoz, 1982 ) Contains tabular arraies which list BAL values by gender, weight, figure of drinks consumed and figure of hours imbibing. THE FINAL CALL BREATHALYZER is a really utile tool in monitoring BAL. The erstwhile usage breathalysers are little glass tubings which contain xanthous crystals that have been impregnated with a reactive chemical that turns green when intoxicant is present. One must breath into the balloon provided and so allow it deflate into the tubing. The BAL reading appears in about a minute. Final Call buttockss BAL with a border of mistake of plus or minus.02. The Final Call Breathalyzer is utile because your BAL can be rapidly assessed so that you get immediate feedback.

Financial Year Or In End Each Accounting â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Year Or In End Each Of Accounting? Answer: Introducation The term Impairment loss is defined as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset or of the cash generating unit is more than the amount that could be recovered when the asset is sold. In respect of identification of the asset that could be impaired, in the end of each financial year or in the end of each of the accounting period, the entity is duty bound to check the conditions for impairment. The management has to check as to whether the asset has been impaired or not (CPA Australia, 2017). This is done mainly when conditions exists that suggest that the asset may have been impaired. The IAS 36 lays down some of the internal and external indicators of impairment. In case, there is an indication of the fact that the asset could have bene impaired, then the recoverable value from that asset would be calculated. The following are the conditions on the basis of which the impairment testing is done: When an intangible asset has an indefinite life When that asset is not available for use When the entity has made some business combination due to which goodwill has been calculated The following are the external conditions that affects the same: The market value of the asset has undergone a change There have been some negative changes in the technology, market, economy and the laws When there has been an increase in the interest rate in the market When there are net assets of the company which are higher than the market capitalisation In case, the recoverable amount from the asset is less than the value at which the same has been stated in the books of accounts, then the asset is stated to have been impaired and the difference between the former and the latter would be termed as an impairment loss (PWC, 2017). This amount of impairment loss would be transferred to the statement of profit and loss. The internal sources include the following: When there is an obsolesce or a physical damage When the asset has been sitting idle as the part of a restructuring or which has been held for disposal(MCA, 2017). When there is an adverse economic performance expected in the market In respect of the investments that takes place in the subsidiaries, in the joint ventures or in the associates, the carrying value would be more than the carrying value in the investees assets and also the amount of the divided is more than the amount of the income in the statement of comprehensive income of the investee. The above stated factors or the market conditions are not exhaustive but are just illustrative. When any market condition has existed which shows that impairment has taken place, then the following would be done: In case, the fair value less the costs of the disposal or the value in use is much more than the carrying amount, then it is not necessary to calculate in the other amount and in such cases, the asset would not be impaired In case, the fair varies less the costs of the disposal are not able to be determined, then the recoverable amount would be considered to be the value in use. For the assets that have been disposed off, the amount that could be recovered would be the fair value less the costs of disposal For the fair value less the costs of the disposal, the fair value would be calculated as per the requirements laid down under the provisions of IFRS 13 which deals with the fair value measurement. The costs of the disposal are the direct costs that have bene added and are not as per the existing costs or the overheads. In respect of the value in use, the calculation of the value in use would go on to reflect the following: The estimate of the cash flows in the future that would flow on to the entity from the asset The expectations of all of the possible variations in the amount and in the timing of those expected future cash flows The time value of the money which is represented by the risk free rate of interest in the market (ACCA global, 2017). The price for bearing the uncertainty which is inherent in that stated asset There are many of the other factors such as the illiquidity wherein the market participants would indicate the pricing of the future cash flows which are expected by the entity in order to derive in the cash flows from an asset. The projections of the cash flows are somewhat based upon the reasonable and the supportable assumptions wherein in the most recent budgets and the forecasts. This accounting standard considered the budgets and the forecasts that are not older than about 5 years. In this, the management is also duty bound to ascertain the reasonableness of the assumptions by the way of examining in the causes of the differences between the projections of the cash flows and also the actual cash flows. The projections of the cash flows relates with the current condition of the asset. There are future restructuring that would improve the performance of an assets and hence, the performance of an asset must not be anticipated. When this estimation is done, then it must be made sure that the cash inflows or the outflows do not include the flows from the financial activities or the payment or the receipt of the income taxes (IAS plus, 2017). When there is a cash generating unit to which the goodwill has been allocated for the purposes of impairment, then any amount of impairment loss that the company has incurred would be first allocated to that goodwill and then the remaining impairment loss would be allocated to the other assets on pro rate basis (Erant and Young, 2017). But the management will have to keep it in mind that the value of the asset would never be reduced to below (the higher of its recoverable value or 0). This amount of loss would be allocated following the same process for any single cash generating unit. References: Cpaaustralia.com.au. (2017).Impairment of assets. [online] Available at: https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/~/media/corporate/allfiles/document/professional-resources/reporting/reporting-ifrsfactsheet-impairment-of-assets.pdf?la=en [Accessed 17 Sep. 2017]. https://www.accaglobal.com, A. (2017).IAS 36 impairment of assets | ACCA Global. [online] Accaglobal.com. Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/member/discover/cpd-articles/corporate-reporting/ias36-impairment.html [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Iasplus.com. (2017).IAS 36 Impairment of Assets. [online] Available at: https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias36 [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. www.ey.com. (2017).Impairment accounting. [online] Available at: https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Impairment_accounting_the_basics_of_IAS_36_Impairment_of_Assets/$FILE/Impairment_accounting_IAS_36.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. www.mca.gov.in. (2017).Accounting standard 28. [online] Available at: https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/notification/pdf/AS_28.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. www.pwc.com. (2008).Top 10 tips for impairment testing. [online] Available at: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ifrs-reporting/pdf/impairment-10tips.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017].

Vinamilk Project free essay sample

Vinamilk, a dairy company which is facing with problems, and building a marketing plan to help the company overcome its problems. The project requires students to apply knowledge taught in â€Å"Consumer Behavior† course in company with critical thinking to figure out the solution. The information used to  demonstrate  the project is mostly found on the internet, and some  is collected  from students’ friends and relatives who have used  Vinamilk  product. Company  background-  Vinamilk  is the leading producer of dairy products in Vietnam based on sales volume and revenue. Their products range from core dairy products such as liquid and powdered milk, to value-added dairy products such as condensed milk, drinking and spoon yoghurt, ice cream, and cheese. They offer one of the largest dairy portfolios in Vietnam, across a wide  selection  of products, flavours, and packaging sizes. According to Euro  monitor,  Vinamilk  has been the number [1] dairy player in Vietnam for the three years ending 31 December 2007. We will write a custom essay sample on Vinamilk Project or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since commencing operation in 1976 they have built the largest distribution network in Vietnam and have leveraged their network to introduce new products to the market, such as juices, soya milk, bottled drinking water and coffee. Vinamilk  market  the majority of  their products under their â€Å"Vinamilk† brand, which  has been designated  as both a Famous Brand and one of the Top 100 Strongest Brands by the Vietnamese Ministry of Industry and Trade in 2006. They have also been voted the top brand in the â€Å"Top Ten High-quality Vietnamese Goods† for each year between 1995 to 2007. They also receive many awards, such as: * The certificate of â€Å"High-quality Vietnamese Goods in 2009† granted by Saigon Marketing Magazines, voted by readers through the survey made by this magazine. * â€Å"Gold medal for food safety and ensured hygiene in 2009† granted by Vietnam Food Administrator. * The certificate and cup for â€Å"The most favorite brand in 2008-2009† granted by Saigon  Giai Phong  Newspaper * Merit certificate and award of â€Å"Green Business† granted by the People’s Committee of Ho Chi  Minh  City to three entities of  Vinamilk,  i. . Saigon Dairy Factory, Thong  Nhat  Dairy Factory and  Truong  Tho Dairy Factory in 2009. * Golden cup of â€Å"Securities Prestige Brand† and award of â€Å"Vietnam Top Rank Corporation in Vietnam Stock Market in 2009† granted by Securities Business Association, Credit Information Center, and Vietnam Securities Magazines. * Award of â€Å"Top brands of Vi etnam in 2009† granted by Vietnamese Associations of Science and Technology, Southern Institute of Science and Technology and Vietnamese brand magazines. Vinamilk  Ã‚  currently  focus on business activities in the fast growing Vietnamese dairy market, which according to  Euromonitor  has grown at a CAGR of [7. 85]% from 1997 to 2007, and produce  the majority of  their products at their [nine]  operational  production facilities with a combined capacity of [570,406] tones per annum. Vinamilk  have the leading distribution network in Vietnam, giving them broad access to consumers. Vinamilk mission is commits to bring the communities the best-quality nutrition source that conveys our respectability, love and responsibilities for the people, life and society. Problems – in the last three years,  Vinamilk  Company has been going down because of its poor product quality and customer service. First, customers were complaining about its poor quality product which were infested, mildew, sour, smell weird. Second,  customers also got  unpleased  by bad working attitude of employees. Third problem were the customer services. Many times the customer tries to contact the customer service Department but they did not respond. Finally, the customer is not completely satisfied by the problem solving of the company. Many cases of poor quality products but they just put out the reason that the product  was damaged  during transit. In brief,  Vinamilk  is really delivering a bad product and service which could absolutely ruin the business if they do not tackle the problems soon. Here are some typical complaints from customers: â€Å"I bought a carton of 48 boxes  Vinamilk  180ml  remain  in their shelf of 5 months. When drinking more than a dozen boxes, milk had smell strange and sour. Children drink was colic†- 22 June 2011 by Dang Van  Phung, Da  Nang  City, VN. I bought 4 boxes  Vinamilk  180ml  remain  in their shelf. When i gave my son the last boxes, I found they get stiffness, swollen. After that  an Vinamilk  employee came to me with an unclear explanation and recall this boxes, and gave me a carton of 48 boxes  Vinamilk which they call a gift. I saw that the attitude of  Vinamilk  employee when solve this problem as not to respect the customer. No apologies and explanations to customers, this represents a lack of accountability to their products when placed on the market. † 14 December 2011 by Dang Le  Thang, Bien  Hoa  City, VN. I bought a carton of 50 bags  Vinamilk  220ml   at supermarket Coopmart,   remain  in their shelf. During use, he found more than  two-thirds  of milk get stiffness, swollen, milk flows out and the phenomenon of bacterial infections. † 1 April 2012 by Nguyen Cong  Phuc, My Tho City, VN. â€Å"Vinamilk ignore responsibility for the health of consumers when they buy and eat moldy milk of Vinamilk† 10 July 2012 by Nguyen Van Dung, Ha  Noi, VN. Short-Term Strategy – are temporary pr omotion, incentives to encourage customers to come back. These will just  implement  in a short period of time. First,  Vinamilk  can attract customers by â€Å"Discount price†. This is the simplest and easiest method. For Example: discount product price from 5% 10%. Another method is giving â€Å"gift or lottery ticket†. This is also a very effective trigger. For instance, when buying a product, customers  have a chance  to win some prizes. They  can win a trip or a household products or a year using products of  Vinamilk. Moreover, when buying product of  Vinamilk, customer will receive a gift such as a t-shirt, clock, and toys for their child Long-term strategies – These strategies will not only help  Vinamilk  overcome its current problems, but they are also strategic weapons which make the company superior to its competitors. Therefore, they  should be  implemented immediately and maintained in the long run. â€Å"Products† solutions   Vinamilk  should build Products Protection System to make customers feel safety and satisfactory when they use  Vinamilk  products. Milk  should be preserved in sterile environment. The process of packing and transport must  ensure  the food safety. Most importantly, products out of date  must not be  delivering to customers. They should also have â€Å"Products Quality Management† department which will be responsible for supervising production and double-checking before transmitting products to customer. Besides the product was on the market,  Vinamilk  should launching new products, higher quality  in order to  meet the increasing demands of consumers and compete with other competition. â€Å"Bad Employee† solution – Re-training is necessary. This improves employee working attitude. Also, this helps them enhance both specialist knowledge and skills, and hence foster performance. There are 2 kinds of training courses. First is â€Å"professional course† which provides employees with knowledge amp; techniques to well fulfill their professional jobs. Participants are office workers. Second is â€Å"skill course† which teaches employees soft-skills, extra techniques to support their professional jobs. Participants  can be everyone, especially the marketer and seller who directly meet customers. Each course may occur once or twice a month, and each class may last 4 to 5 hours. Reward and punishment are greatest strategies stimulating employees to  perform their jobs well. Managers need to  set target for employees whose job  is related  to target. To those who are not target  achieve, there  should be  a â€Å"customer survey† to test their working attitude, how caring they are. The rewards could be: bonus, gifts, movie, shopping or holiday tickets, or even promotion. And punishments are: salary deduction, cutting off their current benefit policy for a while or even getting them fired. Importantly, different levels of employees  will be attached  with appropriate levels of reward and punishment. Customer Services† solution – It is urgent to have a â€Å"Customer Services Supervisor† department taking responsibility for the effective allocation of resource and co-ordination to  ensure  our customers receive a friendly and efficient service  at all times. This department makes sure all employees  perform  as expected so that it could enhance customer satisfaction. â€Å"Problem Solving† solutio n – â€Å"Customer Problem Solving† is the second needed department now which collects customers’ feedback or helps them with any problems. They have to present hotline numbers and feedback letter box. It is a must to say â€Å"thanks† to contribution and instantly solve customer’s problems with clearly explanation if they feedback or meet difficulty. The above solutions and strategies can absolutely help Vinamilk overcome its problems. However, in order to succeed, Vinamilk have to persistently and consistently stick to the plans, well exploring and allocating resources. There must be a great harmony between all department, the commitment and accuracy in performance from top manager to bottom employees.

Free Essays on Short Term Choices, Long Term Repercussions

Most people can pinpoint one or two times in their lives when the choices they made had long term repercussions. Such is the case for Briony Tallis in Ian McEwan’s book, Atonement. In the book, the concept of maturity is treated masterfully by the shift of a character’s perceptions, belief systems and social realities. Bryony Tallis is the younger sister whose literary skills are often belittled by her older sister Celia. As the book opens, she creates a play for her cousins and herself to perform. The family’s dynamics are at once set as the reader finds the mother remote and as distant as the father, who seems to spend most of his nights in London, rather then at home. As the evening’s events unwind, the small details and insignificant happenings of the day are spoken about, but the undercurrent of tension is building. Later, one of the cousins is assaulted on the grounds of the house and Briony, still stinging from an insult earlier, tells the authoriti es that it was Robbie, their childhood friend and Cecilia’s boyfriend. Briony witnesses her sister strip down to her undergarments and dive into a family fountain with Robbie looking on. Not comprehending what was going on between the two, she goes down to the fountain after the two have left. It is at this point that she begins to glimpse a bit of her future, and cleverly, McEwen foretells the tale. Briony had her first, weak intimation that for her now, it can no longer be fairy-tale castles and princesses, but the strangeness of the here and now, of what passed between the people that she knew. Though she does not understand what has happened, her imagination fills in what she supposes to be the gaps. It is this assumption that leads to the terrible culmination of events which destroys them all. Briony decides she has witnessed a scene that is sinister; that Robbie has somehow forced her sister to get naked. In this first section of the book, the reader is treated to the s ... Free Essays on Short Term Choices, Long Term Repercussions Free Essays on Short Term Choices, Long Term Repercussions Most people can pinpoint one or two times in their lives when the choices they made had long term repercussions. Such is the case for Briony Tallis in Ian McEwan’s book, Atonement. In the book, the concept of maturity is treated masterfully by the shift of a character’s perceptions, belief systems and social realities. Bryony Tallis is the younger sister whose literary skills are often belittled by her older sister Celia. As the book opens, she creates a play for her cousins and herself to perform. The family’s dynamics are at once set as the reader finds the mother remote and as distant as the father, who seems to spend most of his nights in London, rather then at home. As the evening’s events unwind, the small details and insignificant happenings of the day are spoken about, but the undercurrent of tension is building. Later, one of the cousins is assaulted on the grounds of the house and Briony, still stinging from an insult earlier, tells the authoriti es that it was Robbie, their childhood friend and Cecilia’s boyfriend. Briony witnesses her sister strip down to her undergarments and dive into a family fountain with Robbie looking on. Not comprehending what was going on between the two, she goes down to the fountain after the two have left. It is at this point that she begins to glimpse a bit of her future, and cleverly, McEwen foretells the tale. Briony had her first, weak intimation that for her now, it can no longer be fairy-tale castles and princesses, but the strangeness of the here and now, of what passed between the people that she knew. Though she does not understand what has happened, her imagination fills in what she supposes to be the gaps. It is this assumption that leads to the terrible culmination of events which destroys them all. Briony decides she has witnessed a scene that is sinister; that Robbie has somehow forced her sister to get naked. In this first section of the book, the reader is treated to the s ...

Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F]

Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F] Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F] Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F] By Maeve Maddox The words in the following list represent misunderstanding of the words’ meanings and not simply an inability to spell them correctly. This post covers words starting with the letters e and f (the a-b list is here, and the c-d one here). 1. economic / economical Both adjectives are related, but have distinct meanings. Economic refers to economics or the economy: â€Å"Reagans  economic policies  came to be known as ‘Reaganomics.’ † Economical means, â€Å"giving good value in relation to the resources used†: â€Å"Buying in bulk is an economical way to shop.† 2. ensure / insure To ensure is to guarantee: â€Å"The librarian held his passport to ensure that he would return the book before leaving.† To insure is to enter into an agreement to assure against future loss: â€Å"The Joneses decided to insure their house against flood as well as fire.† 3. envelop / envelope The word without the final e is a verb meaning â€Å"to surround†: â€Å"Come, let me envelop you in my arms.† The word with the final e is a noun, meaning â€Å"container for a letter†: â€Å"She placed the letter in the envelope and sealed it with a kiss.† The verb is pronounced with stress on the second syllable. For the noun, the stress falls on the first syllable. As for the pronunciation of the noun’s first syllable, both EN and ON are heard. For an extended commentary on the pronunciation of envelope, see The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations by Charles Elster. 4. famous / infamous Many bloggers seem to be unaware that these two words are not interchangeable. Not only have I seen people like Hitler and Al Capone referred to as â€Å"famous,† I’ve recently seen infamous used in reference to people who, as far as I know, are not noted for doing bad things. Both adjectives mean â€Å"well known,† but famous means well known for admirable qualities, whereas infamous implies despicable behavior. Princess Diana is famous for her work in ridding the world of landmines. The gangster John Dillinger was an infamous bank robber. 5. farther / further A great deal of ink, real and virtual, is spilled insisting that further must never be used in reference to physical distance. According to this argument, we may say, â€Å"I walked farther than you,† but not, â€Å"I walked further than you.† This is one of those prissy distinctions that has found its way into stylebooks, but is belied by centuries of usage. Either farther or further is acceptable in the context of physical distance. However, as Paul Brians (Common Errors in English Usage) puts it, â€Å"Some people get really testy about this.† Further, on the other hand, is the preferred form in abstract and figurative senses: â€Å"This office will be closed until further notice.† Further is the only choice as a verb: â€Å"Mr. Smith’s generous donation will enable us to further our plans for expanding the homeless shelter.† 6. flaunt / flout â€Å"To flout† is to express contempt for something. If you’re showing something off, you’re  flaunting  it. If you’re disregarding a law, a rule, or a social convention, you’re  flouting  it. For example: â€Å"I unfriended Charlie because he was constantly flouting civil behavior with his vulgar language.† â€Å"She is unbelievably wealthy, but she doesn’t flaunt it.† 7. flounder / founder Used as verbs, these two words are often confused. Literally, to flounder means â€Å"to struggle†: â€Å"The cat floundered desperately in the water.† Literally, founder may be used in any of the following senses: [of a building] to fall down [of a horse] to fall helplessly to the ground [of a ship] to fill with water and sink Figuratively, flounder retains the meaning of â€Å"to struggle† with the added connotations of ineptness, confusion, or embarrassment: â€Å"He floundered  for a bit,  trying  to figure out how to rephrase the question.† Figuratively, founder means â€Å"to fail†: â€Å"Even with that money, there’s no guarantee the daycare wouldn’t founder later.† 8. forbear / forebear The first, forbear, is a verb meaning â€Å"to refrain from†: â€Å"Prince Charles will forbear from making political pronouncements when he becomes king, The Observer reported yesterday.† The second, forebear, is a noun meaning ancestor: â€Å"The British must rediscover the boldness and ambition of their Victorian forebears, say the politicians.† 9. forward / foreword The confusion between these words is understandable. The adjective forward describes something that is in front of or ahead of something else. The noun foreword is a preface, a brief essay that stands at the front of a book. An easy way to keep them straight is to pay attention to the word in foreword. A foreword is made up of words. 10. fortuitous / fortunate Both words derive from Latin fortuna, â€Å"luck or chance.† Fortuna could be either good or bad; it was what happened to a person. In modern English, fortunate has the connotation of good fortune only: â€Å"It was fortunate for him that someone heard his cries for help.† Fortuitous, on the other hand, retains the notion of happenstance or accident. â€Å"A fortuitous meeting† is an accidental meeting. However, because of the similarity of fortuitous to fortunate, the expression â€Å"a fortuitous meeting† is most commonly understood to mean a meeting that was lucky as well as coincidental. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. HadPeople versus Persons20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F]

Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F] Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F] Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F] By Maeve Maddox The words in the following list represent misunderstanding of the words’ meanings and not simply an inability to spell them correctly. This post covers words starting with the letters e and f (the a-b list is here, and the c-d one here). 1. economic / economical Both adjectives are related, but have distinct meanings. Economic refers to economics or the economy: â€Å"Reagans  economic policies  came to be known as ‘Reaganomics.’ † Economical means, â€Å"giving good value in relation to the resources used†: â€Å"Buying in bulk is an economical way to shop.† 2. ensure / insure To ensure is to guarantee: â€Å"The librarian held his passport to ensure that he would return the book before leaving.† To insure is to enter into an agreement to assure against future loss: â€Å"The Joneses decided to insure their house against flood as well as fire.† 3. envelop / envelope The word without the final e is a verb meaning â€Å"to surround†: â€Å"Come, let me envelop you in my arms.† The word with the final e is a noun, meaning â€Å"container for a letter†: â€Å"She placed the letter in the envelope and sealed it with a kiss.† The verb is pronounced with stress on the second syllable. For the noun, the stress falls on the first syllable. As for the pronunciation of the noun’s first syllable, both EN and ON are heard. For an extended commentary on the pronunciation of envelope, see The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations by Charles Elster. 4. famous / infamous Many bloggers seem to be unaware that these two words are not interchangeable. Not only have I seen people like Hitler and Al Capone referred to as â€Å"famous,† I’ve recently seen infamous used in reference to people who, as far as I know, are not noted for doing bad things. Both adjectives mean â€Å"well known,† but famous means well known for admirable qualities, whereas infamous implies despicable behavior. Princess Diana is famous for her work in ridding the world of landmines. The gangster John Dillinger was an infamous bank robber. 5. farther / further A great deal of ink, real and virtual, is spilled insisting that further must never be used in reference to physical distance. According to this argument, we may say, â€Å"I walked farther than you,† but not, â€Å"I walked further than you.† This is one of those prissy distinctions that has found its way into stylebooks, but is belied by centuries of usage. Either farther or further is acceptable in the context of physical distance. However, as Paul Brians (Common Errors in English Usage) puts it, â€Å"Some people get really testy about this.† Further, on the other hand, is the preferred form in abstract and figurative senses: â€Å"This office will be closed until further notice.† Further is the only choice as a verb: â€Å"Mr. Smith’s generous donation will enable us to further our plans for expanding the homeless shelter.† 6. flaunt / flout â€Å"To flout† is to express contempt for something. If you’re showing something off, you’re  flaunting  it. If you’re disregarding a law, a rule, or a social convention, you’re  flouting  it. For example: â€Å"I unfriended Charlie because he was constantly flouting civil behavior with his vulgar language.† â€Å"She is unbelievably wealthy, but she doesn’t flaunt it.† 7. flounder / founder Used as verbs, these two words are often confused. Literally, to flounder means â€Å"to struggle†: â€Å"The cat floundered desperately in the water.† Literally, founder may be used in any of the following senses: [of a building] to fall down [of a horse] to fall helplessly to the ground [of a ship] to fill with water and sink Figuratively, flounder retains the meaning of â€Å"to struggle† with the added connotations of ineptness, confusion, or embarrassment: â€Å"He floundered  for a bit,  trying  to figure out how to rephrase the question.† Figuratively, founder means â€Å"to fail†: â€Å"Even with that money, there’s no guarantee the daycare wouldn’t founder later.† 8. forbear / forebear The first, forbear, is a verb meaning â€Å"to refrain from†: â€Å"Prince Charles will forbear from making political pronouncements when he becomes king, The Observer reported yesterday.† The second, forebear, is a noun meaning ancestor: â€Å"The British must rediscover the boldness and ambition of their Victorian forebears, say the politicians.† 9. forward / foreword The confusion between these words is understandable. The adjective forward describes something that is in front of or ahead of something else. The noun foreword is a preface, a brief essay that stands at the front of a book. An easy way to keep them straight is to pay attention to the word in foreword. A foreword is made up of words. 10. fortuitous / fortunate Both words derive from Latin fortuna, â€Å"luck or chance.† Fortuna could be either good or bad; it was what happened to a person. In modern English, fortunate has the connotation of good fortune only: â€Å"It was fortunate for him that someone heard his cries for help.† Fortuitous, on the other hand, retains the notion of happenstance or accident. â€Å"A fortuitous meeting† is an accidental meeting. However, because of the similarity of fortuitous to fortunate, the expression â€Å"a fortuitous meeting† is most commonly understood to mean a meeting that was lucky as well as coincidental. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F]

Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F] Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F] Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F] By Maeve Maddox The words in the following list represent misunderstanding of the words’ meanings and not simply an inability to spell them correctly. This post covers words starting with the letters e and f (the a-b list is here, and the c-d one here). 1. economic / economical Both adjectives are related, but have distinct meanings. Economic refers to economics or the economy: â€Å"Reagans  economic policies  came to be known as ‘Reaganomics.’ † Economical means, â€Å"giving good value in relation to the resources used†: â€Å"Buying in bulk is an economical way to shop.† 2. ensure / insure To ensure is to guarantee: â€Å"The librarian held his passport to ensure that he would return the book before leaving.† To insure is to enter into an agreement to assure against future loss: â€Å"The Joneses decided to insure their house against flood as well as fire.† 3. envelop / envelope The word without the final e is a verb meaning â€Å"to surround†: â€Å"Come, let me envelop you in my arms.† The word with the final e is a noun, meaning â€Å"container for a letter†: â€Å"She placed the letter in the envelope and sealed it with a kiss.† The verb is pronounced with stress on the second syllable. For the noun, the stress falls on the first syllable. As for the pronunciation of the noun’s first syllable, both EN and ON are heard. For an extended commentary on the pronunciation of envelope, see The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations by Charles Elster. 4. famous / infamous Many bloggers seem to be unaware that these two words are not interchangeable. Not only have I seen people like Hitler and Al Capone referred to as â€Å"famous,† I’ve recently seen infamous used in reference to people who, as far as I know, are not noted for doing bad things. Both adjectives mean â€Å"well known,† but famous means well known for admirable qualities, whereas infamous implies despicable behavior. Princess Diana is famous for her work in ridding the world of landmines. The gangster John Dillinger was an infamous bank robber. 5. farther / further A great deal of ink, real and virtual, is spilled insisting that further must never be used in reference to physical distance. According to this argument, we may say, â€Å"I walked farther than you,† but not, â€Å"I walked further than you.† This is one of those prissy distinctions that has found its way into stylebooks, but is belied by centuries of usage. Either farther or further is acceptable in the context of physical distance. However, as Paul Brians (Common Errors in English Usage) puts it, â€Å"Some people get really testy about this.† Further, on the other hand, is the preferred form in abstract and figurative senses: â€Å"This office will be closed until further notice.† Further is the only choice as a verb: â€Å"Mr. Smith’s generous donation will enable us to further our plans for expanding the homeless shelter.† 6. flaunt / flout â€Å"To flout† is to express contempt for something. If you’re showing something off, you’re  flaunting  it. If you’re disregarding a law, a rule, or a social convention, you’re  flouting  it. For example: â€Å"I unfriended Charlie because he was constantly flouting civil behavior with his vulgar language.† â€Å"She is unbelievably wealthy, but she doesn’t flaunt it.† 7. flounder / founder Used as verbs, these two words are often confused. Literally, to flounder means â€Å"to struggle†: â€Å"The cat floundered desperately in the water.† Literally, founder may be used in any of the following senses: [of a building] to fall down [of a horse] to fall helplessly to the ground [of a ship] to fill with water and sink Figuratively, flounder retains the meaning of â€Å"to struggle† with the added connotations of ineptness, confusion, or embarrassment: â€Å"He floundered  for a bit,  trying  to figure out how to rephrase the question.† Figuratively, founder means â€Å"to fail†: â€Å"Even with that money, there’s no guarantee the daycare wouldn’t founder later.† 8. forbear / forebear The first, forbear, is a verb meaning â€Å"to refrain from†: â€Å"Prince Charles will forbear from making political pronouncements when he becomes king, The Observer reported yesterday.† The second, forebear, is a noun meaning ancestor: â€Å"The British must rediscover the boldness and ambition of their Victorian forebears, say the politicians.† 9. forward / foreword The confusion between these words is understandable. The adjective forward describes something that is in front of or ahead of something else. The noun foreword is a preface, a brief essay that stands at the front of a book. An easy way to keep them straight is to pay attention to the word in foreword. A foreword is made up of words. 10. fortuitous / fortunate Both words derive from Latin fortuna, â€Å"luck or chance.† Fortuna could be either good or bad; it was what happened to a person. In modern English, fortunate has the connotation of good fortune only: â€Å"It was fortunate for him that someone heard his cries for help.† Fortuitous, on the other hand, retains the notion of happenstance or accident. â€Å"A fortuitous meeting† is an accidental meeting. However, because of the similarity of fortuitous to fortunate, the expression â€Å"a fortuitous meeting† is most commonly understood to mean a meeting that was lucky as well as coincidental. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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